Hum aaj computer ke baare mein baat karenge, jo aaj kal hamari zindagi ka ek bahut hi important hissa ban gaya hai. Aaj computer ke bina hamari zindagi kaafi mushkil hai. Computer ke istemal se hamari zindagi bahut aasan ho gayi hai aur kaam ki bhi speed aur efficiency badh gayi hai. Lekin computer ke baare mein jaanna sirf iske istemal tak hi seemit nahi hai, balki iski history, Computer Kya Hai, aur computer ke types ke baare mein bhi jaanna zaroori hai.
Aapko maloom hoga ke computers ke kai tarah ke types hoti hain jaise digital computer, analogue computer, hybrid computer, mainframe computer, mini computer, personal computer, aur abhi haal hi mein develop kiye gaye quantum computer. Is article mein, hum aapko in sabhi types ke computers ke baare mein detail se batayenge, taaki aap computer ke baare mein poori tarah se samajh sakein.
- Computer word “computare” word se derived hua hai, jo ki Latin bhasha (language) mein “calculate” ka Meaning hota hai.
- Computer ek programmable electronic device hai, jo raw data ko input ke roop mein accept karta hai aur usse ek set of instructions (program) ke saath process karke output ko produce karta hai.
- Ye mathematical aur logical operations ko perform karne ke baad Foran (Immediately) output Provide karta hai aur future mein iska use ke liye output ko save kar sakta hai.
- Ye numerical aur non-numerical calculations dono ko process kar sakta hai.
Computer ki taraf se applications ko execute karne ke liye integrated hardware aur software components ki variety provide karta hai. Ye programs ke saath kaam karta hai aur decimal numbers ko binary digits ki string ke roop mein represent karta hai. Ye ek memory bhi hai, jismein data, programs, aur processing ke result ko store kiya ja sakta hai. Computer ke components jaise ki machinery, jismein wires, transistors, circuits, aur hard disk shamil hai, ko hardware kaha jata hai. Jabki programs aur data ko software kaha jata hai.
Maana jata hai ki Analytical Engine, jo ki 1837 mein Charles Babbage dwara banaya gaya tha, sabse pehla computer tha. Isne read-only memory ke roop mein punch cards ka upyog kiya tha. Charles Babbage ko father of the Computer ke roop mein bhi jaana jaata hai.
Doston, computer ki sabse basic cheezein jo uske bina kaam nahi kar sakti, wo hain:
- Processor: Ye software aur hardware se instruction execute karta hai.
- Memory: Ye CPU aur storage ke beech data transfer ke liye primary memory hoti hai.
- Motherboard: Ye computer ke sabhi parts ya components ko connect karne wali cheez hoti hai.
- Storage Device: Ye data ko permanent tareeke se store karta hai, jaise hard drive.
- Input Device: Ye computer se communication karne ya data input karne ke liye use hota hai, jaise keyboard.
- Output Device: Ye output ko dekhne ke liye use kiya jata hai, jaise monitor.
In sabhi parts ke bina computer bilkul adhura hota hai. Ye computer ke ek dusre se judne aur sahi tarike se kaam karne mein madad karte hain. Jab in sabhi parts ek saath kaam karte hain, tabhi aap computer ka sahi tarike se use kar sakte hain aur apne tasks ko asaani se complete kar sakte hain.
Types of Computer
Computers can be categorized in two ways: according to their size and capacity for handling data.
Three types of computers can be distinguished based on how they handle data:
- Analogue Computer
- Digital Computer
- Hybrid Computer
Analogue Computer Kya Hai
Analogue computers, analogue data ko process karne ke liye design kiye gaye hai. Analogue data continuous hota hai aur discrete values nahi hoti hai.
Hum kah sakte hain ki analogue computers tabhi upyog mein aate hain jab hamein hamesha sahi values ki zaroorat nahi hoti, jaise speed, temperature, pressure aur current.
Analogue computers measuring device se data ko bina numbers aur codes ke convert kiye seedhe accept karte hain. Ye physical quantity mein hote hue continuous changes ko measure karte hain aur generally dial ya scale par reading ke roop mein output provide karte hain. Speedometer aur mercury thermometer analogue computers ke examples hain.
Real Time Example:
Analogue computers ki important real-time example hai temperature control system jo aksar refrigerators and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems mein use hota hai. Is system mein, analog computer sensors temperature ko continuously measure karte hain aur sardi se bachne ke liye cooling system ko chalate rehte hain. Analog computer ke sensors ki readings continuously update hote rehte hain aur cooling system ko accordingly adjust karne ke liye signal bhejte rehte hain. Is tarah, analog computer ke zariye temperature control system kaam karta hai aur sardi se bachata hai.
Digital Computer Kya Hai
Digital computer aisi machine hai jo high speed par calculations aur logical operations karne ke liye banayi gai hai. Ismein input digital format mein diya jata hai jo ki binary numbers (0 aur 1) ke form mein hota hai aur phir isko memory mein store kiye hue programs ke saath process kiya jata hai, jisse output generate hota hai. Aajkal hum apne ghar aur office mein istemal karne wale sabhi modern computers jaise laptops, desktops aur smartphones bhi digital computers hote hain.
Hybrid Computer Kya Hai
Hybrid computer ka matlab hota hai ek aisa computer jo digital aur analogue computer ke features dono shamil karta hai. Ye analogue computer ki tarah tezi se calculations perform kar sakta hai aur digital computer ki tarah accurate aur memory wala bhi hota hai.
Ye both continuous aur discrete data ko process kar sakta hai. Ye analogue signals ko accept karta hai aur processing se pehle digital form mein convert karta hai. Isliye ye kisi khas application mein use hota hai jahan both analogue aur digital data ko process kiya jata hai.
For Example petrol pumps mein istemal hone wale processor jo fuel flow ke measurements ko quantity aur price mein convert karta hai. Isi tarah se ye Airplans, hospitals aur scientific applications mein bhi use kiya jata hai.
Types of Computer Based on Size
Supercomputer Kya Hai
Supercomputers sab se bade aur tez tareen computers hote hain. Inhe bohat zyada data ko process karne ke liye design kiya jata hai. Aik supercomputer trillions of instructions ko aik second mein process kar sakta hai. Ye hazaron inter-connected processors se equipped hote hain.
Supercomputers khaas taur par scientific aur engineering applications jaise weather forecasting, scientific simulations aur nuclear energy research mein istemaal kiye jaate hain. Pehla supercomputer Roger Cray ne 1976 mein develop kiya tha.
Supercomputer characteristics or applications:
- Iske paas password ko decrypt karne ki salahiyat hoti hai security reasons ke liye protection ko enhance karne ke liye.
- Isse animations mein behtareen results produce kiye ja sakte hain.
- Iska istemaal virtual testing of nuclear weapons aur critical medical tests ke liye kiya jaata hai.
- Ye climate patterns ko study aur understand kar sakta hai, aur weather conditions ko forecast kar sakta hai. Ye NOAA’s system (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) mein chal sakta hai jo kisi bhi simple aur logical data ko execute kar sakta hai.
- Ye pilot training ke liye beginner level ke flight simulators ko design mein help karta hai.
- Ye useful information ko data storage centers ya cloud system se extract karna mein help karta hai. Maslan, insurance companies mein.
- Isne online currency world jaise stock market aur bitcoin ko manage karne mein aham kirdar ada kiya hai.
- Ye various critical diseases ke diagnosis mein help karta hai aur brain injuries, strokes jaise masail mein accurate results produce karne mein bhi madad deta hai.
- Ye scientific research areas mein solar system explore karne se, satellites se aur Earth ke movement se obtained data ko accurately analyse karne mein help karta hai.
- Iska istemaal smog control system mein bhi kiya jaata hai jahan ye atmosphere mein fog aur other pollutants ke level ko predict karta hai.
Mainframe Kya Hai
Mainframe computers ka istemaal hazaron ya laakhon users ko ek saath support karne ke liye design kiya jata hai. Iske alawa, yeh kayi programs ko bhi support kar sakta hai. Iska matlab hai keh yeh kayi processes ko ek saath chala sakta hai. In features ke karan mainframe computers bade organizations jaise banking aur telecom sectors ke liye behtareen hote hain, jo ki bohat zyada data ko manage aur process karne ki zaroorat rakhte hain.
Characteristics of Mainframe Computers:
- Iska processing power bohat zyada hai, jaise banking sector mein crores transactions per second.
- Iski zindagi bohat lambi hoti hai, sahi tareeqe se installation ke baad yeh 50 saal tak smoothly chal sakta hai.
- Iska large scale memory management aur excellent performance hai.
- Yeh apni workload ko aur processors aur input/output terminals ke beech mein distribute aur share kar sakta hai.
- Mainframe computers mein processing ke doraan bohat kam chances hote hain keh koi error ya bug aye. Agar koi error aaye toh yeh performance par asar nahi daalta aur usse jald theek kar leta hai.
- Iske paas capability hai stored data aur information ki exchange ko protect karne ke liye.
Applications of mainframe computers:
- Health care mein, hospitals millions of patients ke records maintain kar sakte hain aur unhe treatment, appointments, medicine updates ya disease updates ke baare mein asaani se contact kar sakte hain.
- Defence ke field mein, yeh defence departments ko dusre branches ke saath sensitive information ko share karne ki ijazat deta hai.
- Education ke field mein, yeh universities ko apne courses, admissions, students, teachers, employees aur affiliated schools and colleges se related data ko store, manage aur retrieve karne mein help karta hai.
- Retail sector mein, retail companies mainframe computers ko apne inventory management, customer management aur transactions ko short duration mein handle aur execute karne ke liye use karte hain.
Minicomputer Kya Hai
Yeh aik darmiyani si multiprocessing computer hai. Iss mein do ya zyada processors hotay hain aur iss ki madad se 4 se 200 users aik saath kaam kar saktay hain. Miniframe computers institutes aur departments mein istemal hotay hain jaise ke billing, accounting aur inventory management ke liye. Minicomputer aur microcomputer ke darmiyan hota hai kyunki yeh mainframe se chota hai lekin microcomputer se bara. Minicomputer ko hum Miniframe computer bhi kehte hein.
Characteristics of miniframe or minicomputer:
- Yeh halka phulka hai jis ki wajah se iss ko kahin bhi aasani se bithaya ja sakta hai.
- Iss se mainframe computers se sasta hai.
- Iss ka size ke mukablay mein yeh bohat tez hai.
- Iss ka battery waqt ke liye bohat lambi hoti hai.
- Iss ko control ki zaroorat nahin hoti hai.
Applications of minicomputers:
Minicomputer ka istemal tino primary functions perform karne ke liye kiya jata hai:
- Process control: Yeh manufacturing mein process control ke liye istemal kiya jata hai. Iss ki do primary functions hoti hain jo ke data collection aur feedback hain. Agar koi anormality process mein ho to minicomputer iss ko detect karta hai aur zaroori adjustements kiye jatay hain.
- Data management: Yeh chotay organizations ke liye data collect, store aur share karne ke liye bohat acha device hai. Local hospitals aur hotels iss ka istemal kar saktay hain apnay patients aur customers ke records maintain karne ke liye.
- Communications Portal: Yeh baray systems mein aik communication device ki tarah bhi kaam kar sakta hai jis se human operator aur central processor ya computer ke darmiyan aik portal ka kaam karta hai.
Microcomputer Kya Hai
Microcomputer, jo ek personal computer ke roop mein bhi jaana jaata hai, ek aam use ke liye banaya gaya general-purpose computer hai. Isme ek microprocessor central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage area, input unit aur output unit hote hain. Laptop aur desktop computers microcomputers ke udaharan hote hain. Ye Individual kaam ke liye Suitable hote hain jaise ki ek assignment banana, movie dekhna ya fir office mein kaam karna.
Characteristics of a microcomputer:
- Ye sabhi prakaar ke computers mein sabse chhote hote hain.
- Kuch hi software ismein use kiye ja sakte hain.
- Ye Individual kaam aur applications ke liye design kiye gaye hain. Ek hi user ek saath kaam kar sakta hai.
- Ye sasta aur estamal karne mein aasan hota hai.
- Iska use karne ke liye User ko kisi Special Skill ya training ki zarurat nahin hoti hai.
- Aam taur par ismein ek semiconductor chip hota hai.
- Ye multitasking ke liye able hota hai jaise ki printing, scanning, browsing, videos dekhna, aadi.
Workstation Computer Kya Hai
Workstation computer ek aisa computer hai jo ek hi user ke liye design kiya gaya hai aur isme technical ya scientific applications ke liye use kiya jata hai. Iske paas ek tez microprocessor, bahut saara RAM aur high speed graphic adapters hote hai. Ye generally ek specific job ko great expertise ke saath perform karta hai aur isliye, ye graphics workstation, music workstation aur engineering design workstation jaise alag-alag types ke hote hai.
Characteristics of workstation computer:
- Ye ek high-performance computer system hai jo business ya professional use ke liye design kiya gaya hai.
- Isme personal computer se bada storage capacity, behtar graphics aur zyada powerful CPU hota hai.
- Ye animation, data analysis, CAD, audio aur video creation aur editing ko handle kar sakte hai.
Personal Computer Kya Hai
Personal computer ek aisa computer hai jo chota aur sasta hota hai aur jise vyaktigat istemal ke liye banaya gaya hai (ya kisi chhote se group ke Persons ke liye). “Personal computer” word desktop computers (desktops) ko describe karne ke liye istemal kiya jata hai. Iska aksar PC ya microcomputer naam se bhi istemal hota hai. Ye bahut common tarah ke machines hai.
Personal Computer (PC) ek central processing unit (CPU) se mil kar banta hai jisme ek integrated circuit (IC) par arithmetic, logic aur control circuitry hoti hai. Isme do prakar ki memory hoti hai, jaise ki RAM aur ROM, magnetic hard disks (HDD) aur compact discs, aur vibhinn input/output devices bhi hote hain, jaise ki display screen, keyboard aur mouse, modem, aur printer.
Quantum Computer Kya Hai
Quantum computer aik aisi computer hai jo quantum mechanics ka istemaal karti hai taa ke woh kisi khas qisam ki computation ko mamooli computer se behtar tareeqay se kar sakay. Quantum computer ke khas taqat iski qubits yaani quantum bits mein hai, jo traditional bits se ziyada maqool hote hain aur bahut se tasks ko boht kam time mein perform karsakte hain. Ye computer science ki ek nayi aur chunoti bhara theory hai jis ke jariye scientists boht zyada research kar rahe hain.
Features of Quantum Computer:-
- Quantum computer, traditional computer se bohat zyada taqatwar hota hai aur kuch tasks ko bahut kam time mein perform kar sakta hai.
- Ismein kuch aise algorithms hote hain jo traditional computers se solve nahi kiye jaa saktay.
- Quantum computers ko data security ke liye bhi istemal kia jaa sakta hai.
- Iski performance ko measure karne ke liye kuch aise metrics hote hain jo traditional computers ke liye istemal nahi kiye jaa saktay.
- Quantum computers abhi tak kaafi expensive hote hain aur iske liye khaas infrastructure ki zaroorat hoti hai.
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